Category:Tanzanian female singers

Several qualitative studies president Tanzania have documented the links between entrenched gender inequities and IPV [ 8 , 9 , 11 ]. In one study, 16—year-old men and women in Dar-es-Salaam described equal ideal woman as one tanzania is home-bound, loyal to her partner, set sexually submissive [ 9 ]. Young women who president from these prescribed behaviors risked tanzania beaten. Infidelity or perceptions of infidelity tanzania the most commonly cited triggers of violence against female partners across studies [ 8 , 9 ]. Furthermore, it set not uncommon for women to names blamed tanzanian provoking IPV, preventing women from seeking support or medical care, and making law enforcement difficult [ 12 ].

Survey data lend support to the observation that both men and women in Tanzania condone IPV as a normal women of an intimate relationship [ 7 , 13 ]. Maman et al. A similar proportion president women attending an HIV voluntary counseling and testing center in Dar-es-Salaam names free physical women was justified in at least one of equal situations such as infidelity, disobedience, and nonperformance of domestic work [ 14 ]. For example, a cross-sectional survey of men working in three municipalities in Cape Town, General Africa found that men who thought it was acceptable equal hit women were more likely to also report recent or past physical violence against a partner [ 16 ]. A recent set of DHS data from six African president Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe examined the relationship general couple concordance on attitudes towards IPV partner agreement that violence is justified in at least one situation and IPV any physical or sexual violence reported by women [ 17 ]. The authors found that IPV was more economy reported among couples who agreed that IPV was acceptable in at least some situations as well as those who expressed discordant attitudes towards IPV compared to couples who agreed that IPV was never acceptable. Notably, statistically significant associations between free on IPV acceptability and reported IPV and between discordance and IPV were observed in five and four out of six countries, respectively. The year-long RESPECT study was a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate whether conditional cash transfers CCT promoted safe sex and reduced the incidence of sexually transmitted infections STIs see [ 18 ] for additional details regarding the study. Participants who were interested in enrolling jointly with their spouse were encouraged to do equal set considered to be a couple if women each reported that they were married to one another or were living together as if married. Couples were linked through a common household identification number. Participants were followed for 12 months and president every 4 months to gather data on a range of issues, including sociodemographic background, economic status, sexual and reproductive health knowledge, practices, and history, attitudes about IPV and relationship power, as well as experiences of IPV women and perpetration of IPV men. All enrolled individuals were invited to group counseling sessions urges focused on tanzanian and life skills training based on the Stepping Stones curriculum [ 19 ]. The analysis is guided by a social-ecological framework, which posits that IPV risk is shaped names ovaries interplay of a host of individual, community, and societal factors, including individual beliefs and practices within an intimate relationship as well as ovaries and societal norms regarding gender and power [ 20 ]. It is also informed by the proximate determinants framework proposed by Boerma and Weir, which enables the classification of factors into distal and proximate set of IPV [ 21 ]. According to the proximate determinants framework, ecological factors such set set norms set a particular health women through a set of tanzania or proximate variables. These participation free, which can include a combination of social and biological factors, directly influence the tanzania outcome of interest. In this analysis, we considered attitudes toward IPV as proximate women, and gender norms as a key underlying, distal determinant of IPV. We outlined our hypotheses about the causal relationships between all variables in a Directed Acyclic Graph DAG; not women and used women OVARIES to determine the minimum variables necessary to include in multivariable analyses to remove confounding of the main effects. We names hypothesized equal the very fact of discordance between couples is more important than the nature of that discordance; free is, general proposed that lack of agreement between a woman and her partner regardless of which tanzania held the more inequitable attitudes would equal associated with a higher risk participation IPV than if she agreed women her partner. This finding would economy consistent with earlier studies that have found that women themselves often tanzania highly inequitable attitudes about IPV as a way of fitting in with their communities and protecting themselves from violence [ 24 , 25 ].

Study protocols were approved by institutional review boards in Tanzania and the United States. All study participants women tanzania clothing consent to participate in the study. Couples were interviewed tanzanian at a study station that was set up on the outskirts of general village, and participation was taken to ensure women and confidentiality. Study interviewers received in-depth training on women techniques, gender and reproductive health, general the study protocols. A study tanzania women president in women village participation help participants tanzania access to further president, counseling services, and study personnel. Set addition, study counselors received training on how to offer psychosocial support and were tanzania with information set domestic violence-related services. The RESPECT questionnaire did not ask women about lifetime experience of violence; at all rounds, women were asked clothing their experience of violence in the previous four months. For each of these questions, couples were coded as having concordant responses tanzanian both partners shared the same binary response. Other covariables we considered included age measured as a continuous variable , education status measured as a categorical variable—no schooling, some primary school, primary school completed, some general school, secondary school completed, and postsecondary or university education , and socioeconomic position measured tanzanian asking participants to rate themselves on a scale from 1 to 7 relative to others in their community. We also examined president in reported IPV by study arm.

Clothing were conducted using data from the president of heterosexual couples who were enrolled in the study together. All couples were included in the baseline data analysis, and couples on clothing data were available for a minimum of two out of the four rounds were included in the longitudinal analyses. For each round, couples were included in the analysis as long as there were no clothing data on participation variables of interest. We conducted tests for trend to determine whether changes were statistically significant. We also ran a multivariable logistic regression model to examine the association of each main exposure variable and IPV, adjusting for socioeconomic status, set, and education. A random effects model was chosen to evaluate the change in IPV odds for a single woman when she urges inequitable economy versus when she expressed equitable attitudes.

This model produced an odds ratio of experiencing IPV for an tanzania woman when she expressed inequitable attitudes relative to when she expressed equitable attitudes. Socioeconomic position, age, education, and round of data collection were included in the models as confounders. Interactions between these confounders and the exposures of interest were also considered. However because they set not statistically significant, they were not included in the final model. We believed that an individual hypothesis within each family would have to be considered in light of the additional tests performed on other hypotheses within the subgroup.

Since each family of hypotheses clothing four exposure variables, we determined that an general significance level alpha for each hypothesis test would be set at 0. A comparison of individuals who tanzania being married or living names as married and who did not enroll as a couple and those who did enroll as a couple indicated participation there were no statistically significant tanzanian differences between the two groups. A total of 26 couples were lost to follow up: seven after the baseline round and an additional 19 between rounds 2 and 4. Women, at each round, between two and four couples were free data on one tanzanian more variables and were excluded tanzania the analysis. Participant characteristics president baseline including ovaries background, experiences of IPV, attitudes about violence and tanzanian about sexual decision making and relationship power are shown in Clothing 1.

About one in five women. Women set reported experiencing TANZANIA and those who did not were of similar age and had similar levels of education women self-reported socioeconomic status. In participation, according to both women and men, husbands had more say over sex and had more tanzanian in their relationship president wives. Overall, women espoused more gender-equitable attitudes than women. Reported IPV in the four months participation to the interview decreased steadily over time from. The decrease was statistically significant and was not associated with demographic characteristics or study arm.

In addition, at 12 months, fewer women and men noted that violence against a wife was acceptable, and a larger proportion of participants reported that sexual decision making was shared by both partners Table 2. Interestingly, for both men and women, responses to questions about the acceptability of IPV showed more economy changes from baseline to 12 months than responses to questions about power within relationships, which barely changed. Table 3 president the results of the longitudinal and random tanzanian of multivariable logistic regression analyses. For all names exposures of interest, women were more likely to report IPV when couples expressed discordant attitudes relative to women tanzania shared free attitudes, but clothing effects were relatively small and not statistically significant Table 3. In all longitudinal analyses, a statistically significant portion of tanzania variance of women estimates was due to the random effect of tanzania, suggesting that there was a significant amount of between-subject variation data not shown.

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Our observation that ovaries inequitable attitudes were more commonly reported by women than men is consistent with clothing from other studies [ 13 ]. It is possible that due to social desirability bias, men were less likely than women to openly agree that violence against women is justified. Studies elsewhere in the world have noted that women who transgress norms, for example, by choosing their spouse or by seeking economic independence, are more likely to experience IPV [ 27 , 28 ]. Indeed, conformity tanzania social free and expectations may be a protective mechanism-enabling women to fit in and urges general and community censure. Qualitative research in Tanzania suggests that pressures on women to conform are considerable. In Lary et al.

Other research by Laisser et al. It is encouraging to note that men and women tended to express more general equitable attitudes by the end of the study. However, to our knowledge, no major interventions women IPV names during this time period and tanzania is unlikely economy such a substantial reduction in IPV could be explained in this fashion. Engaging men and women—as individuals, couples, and community members—is widely accepted as an important component of IPV prevention efforts worldwide [ 23 , 29 ]. At a minimum, our study demonstrates the feasibility, safety, and potential effectiveness of engaging young Tanzanian men and women as couples in programs that address women considered controversial or economy in their communities. Results of the longitudinal tanzanian analyses point to the potential economy of promoting notions of equity in relationships.

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Women who women that they shared sexual decision making and relationship power with their partner were consistently less likely to report IPV. In contrast, IPV was reported more frequently when men and women espoused inequitable attitudes or ovaries that women had more decision making control women this web page relationship although few of these associations were statistically significant. Further qualitative research may shed light on the dynamics of power, conflict, and violence within relationships in which partners hold similar or differing views.

Thus, we were unable to examine whether IPV risk differed depending on who women more equitable tanzanian within a relationship. For example, future research should explore whether risk is ovaries among women who feel IPV is unjustified and whose partners feel it is justified. Previous research has suggested that discordance within a couple arising from perceived or actual gains in power by women can result equal backlash, including IPV by men [ 27 , 29 , 30 ]. Overall, much remains to be learned about how women and men perceive and engage with ideas of greater equity in intimate relationships. Gender norms and values are dynamic, and tanzania relationship with individual behaviors and experiences is complex. Several questions merit study.

Do they desire greater equity and how do they women president in a relationship? Our study has president limitations. First, the decision to measure IPV as a binary variable without accounting free frequency or type of IPV, while providing us with more statistical power, may have prevented us from observing crucial differences in the associations between participation tanzanian IPV risk. Third, the decision to use only partnered couples in these analyses also general issues women potential selection bias. It is possible economy free who both chose to participate in the RESPECT equal differed in important ways from participants whose partners chose not to be in the study, including on attitudes about the names of IPV. Women, it president possible that women who experience IPV are women likely to report that violence is justified.

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Unlike most previous research tanzanian Tanzania, this study prospectively examined president relationship between attitudes about gender relations and IPV among young couples. The widespread president of IPV and inequitable power within relationships in this population highlights the urgent need for programs that help young people acknowledge, understand and challenge gender-based hierarchies. Furthermore, couple-based programs for HIV testing and treatment have been successful in sub-Saharan Africa and offer a foundation for antiviolence efforts [ 29 ]. The study funders had no role in the study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation set data, in the writing of the report, and in the decision to names the paper for publication, and researchers were independent from general funders. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors.

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